Nivel de Competencia Intercultural en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud desarrollada en práctica clínica / Intercultural competences achieved by health sciences students during the clinical practice

BACKGROUND: During their clinical practice, health Sciences students get acquainted with the cultural diversity of patients and learn to deal with this reality in a model of social learning. AIM: To determine the level of Intercultural Competence in Health Sciences students based on the Confrontation, Resistance, and Cultural Openness (CRAC) model, specific for health professionals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 106 Health Sciences students from three universities in Chile. Content analysis was supported by the software ATLAS.ti version 9. RESULTS: The students progressed through the CRAC model and were able to configure a new level called Cultural Understanding, in which the participants innovated care models and offered new therapeutic schemes with cultural relevance. In addition, a fifth level called Cultural Inclusion was proposed. However, a training process with a marked theoretical/scientific emphasis can overshadow the learning process resulting from reflexive practical experience, reducing its real value such as traditional/ancestral medicine. CONCLUSIONS: The students were able to update the Confrontation, Resistance, Openness, Understanding and Intercultural Inclusion Model. The features of those participants who achieve the highest levels of intercultural competences should be explored and used for the training process.

Competencia intercultural con educación interprofesional en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud, una revisión sistemática / Intercultural competence with interprofessional education in health sciences students, a systematic review

Tanto la formación en Competencia Intercultural como la Educación Interprofesional mejoran los resultados en salud. No se encontraron revisiones sistemáticas, en la literatura especializada, que analicen ambos factores juntos en los últimos diez años. Caracterizar aspectos metodológicos de investigaciones empíricas de Competencia Intercultural con Educación Interprofesional en estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud, describir aspectos curriculares de la formación en Competencia Intercultural con Educación Interprofesional, y analizar la efectividad de dichas experiencias educativas. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, PubMed y ProQuest desde el 2010 a 2020. Existe un predominio de artículos realizados en Estados Unidos y Australia, con enfoque mixto, no experimentales, tamaño muestral acotado y uso de encuestas de percepción. Los contenidos abordaron el conocimiento intercultural general y la atención de salud, con experiencias de tipo extracurricular, presenciales, de corta duración y para un acotado número de carreras. Destacaron las estrategias de aprendizaje en equipo y Service Learning Experience. La efectividad de las experiencias educativas resultó poco concluyente; no obstante, se sugieren ciertas pautas en base a lo analizado. Resulta imprescindible desarrollar mayor investigación a nivel latinoamericano y que se incluyan las mejoras metodológicas señaladas. La formación debería focalizarse en desarrollar la autoconciencia cultural como base para la comprensión mutua, esto requiere de un equipo docente con competencias pedagógicas y culturales, además de sanitarias. Finalmente, es fundamental investigar sobre los factores que permiten un mayor desarrollo de estas competencias en el estudiantado.

There is a direct impact on health service outcomes when professionals are trained in intercultural competence and interprofessional education. No systematic reviews were found in the specialized literature that examined both factors together over the last ten years. To characterize the methodological aspects of empirical research regarding Intercultural Competence with Interprofessional Education in Health Sciences students, To describe the curricular aspects of training in Intercultural Competence with Interprofessional Education, and To analyze the effectiveness of said educational experiences. A systematic review of the Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, PubMed, and ProQuest databases was carried out from 2010 to 2020. There is a predominance of articles composed in the United States and Australia, with a mixed approach, not experimental, limited sample size, and use of survey perception. The contents dealt with general intercultural knowledge and health care, with extracurricular, faceto-face, short-term experiences, and for a limited number of majors. Team learning strategies and stood out Service Learning Experience. The effectiveness of the educational experiences was inconclusive; however, certain guidelines are recommended based on what has been analyzed. It is crucial to develop more research at a Latin American level including the methodological improvements. Training should focus on developing cultural self-awareness as a basis for mutual understanding, this requires a teaching team with pedagogical and cultural skills, as well as health knowledge. Finally, it is fundamental to investigate the factors that allow more comprehensive development of these competencies in the student body.

Espiritualidad en el contexto de cuidados paliativos oncológicos dirigidos a personas mayores / Spirituality in palliative care aimed at the elderly / Espiritualidade no contexto de cuidados paliativos oncológicos a idosos

Resumen La última década ha estudiado la faceta "espiritualidad" en el contexto de cuidados paliativos oncológicos en personas mayores desde perspectivas cuantitativas, cualitativas y mixtas. El estudio busca develar -en este contexto- el significado de espiritualidad. Se revisa literatura indexada en buscador PubMed vía Medline entre los años 2009 y 2019, con acceso on line, a texto completo, en forma anónima, en idiomas inglés-español y, análogamente, con búsqueda manual en la Revista Medicina Paliativa. Los resultados arrojan 50 artículos de pertinencia temática y cuatro categorías. Se concluye que existen desafíos relacionados con el significado de espiritualidad y calidad de vida, formación y perspectivas de investigación.

Abstract In the last decade, spirituality has been studied in oncological palliative care for the elderly from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed perspectives. The study seeks to reveal the meaning of spirituality in this context. It reviews indexed literature from the MEDLINE database through PubMed between 2009 and 2019, which was accessed online, in full text, anonymously, and in English and Spanish. Revista Medicina Paliativa was manually searched. The results include 50 subject-relevant articles and four categories. It is concluded that there are challenges related to the meaning of spirituality and quality of life, education, and research perspectives.

Resumo Na última década, a faceta "espiritualidade" tem sido estudada no contexto de cuidados paliativos oncológicos a idosos sob perspectivas quantitativa, qualitativa e mista. O estudo pretende revelar o significado de espiritualidade nesse âmbito. A literatura indexada no buscador PubMed via Medline entre 2009 e 2019 é revisada, por meio do acesso on-line dos textos completos, de forma anônima, em inglês e espanhol, além da busca manual na Revista Medicina Paliativa. Os resultados demonstram 50 artigos de pertinência temática e quatro categorias. Conclui-se que existem desafios relacionados com o significado de espiritualidade e qualidade de vida, formação e perspectivas de pesquisa.

Prácticas reflexivas del proceso de enseñanza en docentes universitarios de las ciencias de la salud / Reflective practices of the teaching process in university health science professors

Introducción: para transformar los procesos de formación de los docentes universitarios es relevante generar espacios reflexivos, ya que estos influyen en el cambio y la innovación docente. Objetivo: comprender cómo se desarrollan las prácticas reflexivas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de docentes universitarios del área de la salud de la Universidad de Concepción. Métodos: cualitativo, enfoque de estudio de casos. Participaron 8 docentes universitarios del área de la salud, previo consentimiento informado, se realizó un análisis de contenido. Resultados: los escenarios educativos y las concepciones de enseñanza influyen en los procesos reflexivos de los docentes. Conclusión: las prácticas reflexivas deben ser estimuladas, ya que favorecen una mayor conciencia de la formación y mejoramiento educativo(AU)

Introduction: for the purpose of transforming the process of university professor formation, it is relevant to generate spaces for reflection since these may influence the educational change and innovation. Objective: to understand the development of reflective practices of the teaching-learning process of university health science professors in Universidad de Concepción. Method: qualitative method, case study approach. Eight university professors of health careers participated in this study after giving their informed consent. A contents analysis was made. Results: educational scenarios and teaching conceptions influence reflective practice of professors. Conclusions: reflective practices must be encouraged since they facilitate greater awareness about formation and educational improvement (AU)